1. Choose two points of agreement from the list and explain why they were significant for the future peace of Europe.
First Point:
The Big Three agreed to join the United Nations Organization and this group would go on to try to maintain peaceful relations between countries. This was important for the future peace of Europe because, with the leadership and joining by the Big Three, this group would help ensure peace in between countries, including countries in Europe.
Second Point:
The agreement that the Big Three would track down war criminals involved in concentration and death camps was significant for the future peace of Europe. This is because it was one way to ensure that Britain and the Soviet Union stayed allies, so there would at least be peace between those two countries. Also, this would keep such camps from being started or attempted in other countries. This would hopefully decrease the anti-Semitism that could wreck the peace in Europe.
2. Read Sources 2 - 11 on pages 320 and 321. What is your overall impression of the Yalta Conference based on these sources?
Based on these sources, although they were allies, America, the USSR, and Britain never really trusted each other. The Soviet Union always felt as if Britain and America were trying to steal its money and would not let it take over more countries and land. Meanwhile, Britain and America were afraid that the Soviet Union would end democracies and so they did not want it to expand. Also, America was nervous that Britain would be pro-Soviet Union. This was the more serious part of the Big Three not trusting each other. There were lighter parts, such as Churchill and Stalin teasing each other, but underneath the alliance there was no trust.
Showing posts with label FDR. Show all posts
Showing posts with label FDR. Show all posts
Tuesday, April 24, 2012
Monday, April 9, 2012
America Enters World War II
1. What impact did the outbreak of war in Europe have on U.S. foreign and defense policy?
The outbreak of war in Europe had many impacts on U.S. foreign and defense policy. To start with, the war forced America to revise the neutrality act that had been put in place in 1935. Also, a "cash-and-carry" policy was put into place. This allowed America to sell war goods to nations at war as long as they took the good on their own ships and paid cash. The debate over this also created another neutrality act in 1939. Also, the war in Europe scared America, so the amount spent on defense was raised by Congress in 1940 and a law, which was the first of its kind, was created to draft men even though it was a time of peace. This was called the Selective Training and Service Act. The outbreak of war clearly made the U.S. less isolated and forced them to prepare for war.
2. Why did Roosevelt take one “unneutral” step after another to assist Britain and the Soviet Union in 1941?
Roosevelt took one "unneutral" step after another to assist Britain and the Soviet Union in 1941 because he wanted to protect the United States without going to war. He first justified lending weapons to Britain under the Lend-Lease Act because he felt that the Axis powers would have no opposition if Britain was defeated and this would lead to the Axis powers taking over the world. Roosevelt also justified helping the Soviet Union by stating that the Soviet Union was an enemy of the Axis powers and so was America. Therefore, the two should help each other. Clearly, these unneutral steps were taken to keep the Axis powers at bay so that America would not be threatened and not have to enter the war directly. Roosevelt wanted the Axis powers defeated, so he helped the Soviet Union and Britain because he thought that they would defeat the Axis powers.
3. Why was the Atlantic Charter important?
The Atlantic Charter was important for many reasons. The Atlantic Charter was a document signed by Winston Churchill and Roosevelt and promised that the two nations, Britain and America, would work together to make sure the Axis powers did not take away the freedom of other countries. This was really when Roosevelt promised to fight the Axis powers, so it was important in that respect, as well as the document that ensured that the two nations were allies. The last important aspect of the Atlantic Charter is the fact that it would be the document from which "A Declaration of the United Nations" would be created and that document was the start of the United Nations. Clearly the Atlantic Charter was very important.
4. Why did the United States enter into an undeclared shooting war with Germany in fall 1941?
The United States entered into an undeclared shooting war with Germany in the fall of 1941 because Germany submarines were bombing U.S. destroyers. Roosevelt had given the orders that, if Germany attacked, they must be instantly taken down. So, when a U-boat hit fired at Greer, a U.S. destroyer, those on the ship were ordered to shoot at every German submarine that was there. A similar incident occurred with the U.S. destroyer Rueben James and a merchant ship, Pink Star. These attacks further provoked shooting because, between the two incidents, 110 lives were lost. All of the lives lost and the orders from Roosevelt were why the U.S. entered into an undeclared shooting war.
5. How was oil a source of conflict between Japan and the United States?
Oil was a source of conflict between Japan and the United States. This is because Japan wanted to "unite East Asia" by taking over all the countries in East Asia, but the U.S. did not want them to do this. Therefore, the U.S. stopped trading with Japan and this was a problem because the U.S. provided Japan with oil and the Japanese needed oil to run the machines needed to take over other countries and have a war. The only way for Japan to obtain oil would be to make peace with the U.S. or take control of oil fields in the Dutch East Indies. The Japanese chose to act against the wishes of the U.S., thus causing a conflict that led to a war.
6. What problem would the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor solve for Roosevelt? What new problems would it create?
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor solved problems for Roosevelt, but it also created problems. The problem it solved was whether or not to go to war. After Pearl Harbor was attacked, there was no question that the U.S. should go to war so Roosevelt was easily able to make the Congress declare war. Also, the awful reports from Pearl Harbor probably helped the American public realize that the Axis powers were a threat and that the war needed to be fought. They themselves also felt threatened, so that would make them want to fight. However, two new problems were created. The first was that American could no longer hold onto its isolationism. America was now part of the war and involved. The second problem was that America had to full on go to war and on two sides of the country. There were fights to be made across both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. This was going to be difficult because the U.S. Air Force and Navy were not very strong, so they would need to grow in order to win the war. Another problem is also the fact that a harbor in U.S. territory was attacked so U.S. property was destroyed. Those were the problems created, but the problem that was solved by Pearl Harbor was also very important.
The outbreak of war in Europe had many impacts on U.S. foreign and defense policy. To start with, the war forced America to revise the neutrality act that had been put in place in 1935. Also, a "cash-and-carry" policy was put into place. This allowed America to sell war goods to nations at war as long as they took the good on their own ships and paid cash. The debate over this also created another neutrality act in 1939. Also, the war in Europe scared America, so the amount spent on defense was raised by Congress in 1940 and a law, which was the first of its kind, was created to draft men even though it was a time of peace. This was called the Selective Training and Service Act. The outbreak of war clearly made the U.S. less isolated and forced them to prepare for war.
2. Why did Roosevelt take one “unneutral” step after another to assist Britain and the Soviet Union in 1941?
Roosevelt took one "unneutral" step after another to assist Britain and the Soviet Union in 1941 because he wanted to protect the United States without going to war. He first justified lending weapons to Britain under the Lend-Lease Act because he felt that the Axis powers would have no opposition if Britain was defeated and this would lead to the Axis powers taking over the world. Roosevelt also justified helping the Soviet Union by stating that the Soviet Union was an enemy of the Axis powers and so was America. Therefore, the two should help each other. Clearly, these unneutral steps were taken to keep the Axis powers at bay so that America would not be threatened and not have to enter the war directly. Roosevelt wanted the Axis powers defeated, so he helped the Soviet Union and Britain because he thought that they would defeat the Axis powers.
3. Why was the Atlantic Charter important?
The Atlantic Charter was important for many reasons. The Atlantic Charter was a document signed by Winston Churchill and Roosevelt and promised that the two nations, Britain and America, would work together to make sure the Axis powers did not take away the freedom of other countries. This was really when Roosevelt promised to fight the Axis powers, so it was important in that respect, as well as the document that ensured that the two nations were allies. The last important aspect of the Atlantic Charter is the fact that it would be the document from which "A Declaration of the United Nations" would be created and that document was the start of the United Nations. Clearly the Atlantic Charter was very important.
4. Why did the United States enter into an undeclared shooting war with Germany in fall 1941?
The United States entered into an undeclared shooting war with Germany in the fall of 1941 because Germany submarines were bombing U.S. destroyers. Roosevelt had given the orders that, if Germany attacked, they must be instantly taken down. So, when a U-boat hit fired at Greer, a U.S. destroyer, those on the ship were ordered to shoot at every German submarine that was there. A similar incident occurred with the U.S. destroyer Rueben James and a merchant ship, Pink Star. These attacks further provoked shooting because, between the two incidents, 110 lives were lost. All of the lives lost and the orders from Roosevelt were why the U.S. entered into an undeclared shooting war.
5. How was oil a source of conflict between Japan and the United States?
Oil was a source of conflict between Japan and the United States. This is because Japan wanted to "unite East Asia" by taking over all the countries in East Asia, but the U.S. did not want them to do this. Therefore, the U.S. stopped trading with Japan and this was a problem because the U.S. provided Japan with oil and the Japanese needed oil to run the machines needed to take over other countries and have a war. The only way for Japan to obtain oil would be to make peace with the U.S. or take control of oil fields in the Dutch East Indies. The Japanese chose to act against the wishes of the U.S., thus causing a conflict that led to a war.
6. What problem would the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor solve for Roosevelt? What new problems would it create?
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor solved problems for Roosevelt, but it also created problems. The problem it solved was whether or not to go to war. After Pearl Harbor was attacked, there was no question that the U.S. should go to war so Roosevelt was easily able to make the Congress declare war. Also, the awful reports from Pearl Harbor probably helped the American public realize that the Axis powers were a threat and that the war needed to be fought. They themselves also felt threatened, so that would make them want to fight. However, two new problems were created. The first was that American could no longer hold onto its isolationism. America was now part of the war and involved. The second problem was that America had to full on go to war and on two sides of the country. There were fights to be made across both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. This was going to be difficult because the U.S. Air Force and Navy were not very strong, so they would need to grow in order to win the war. Another problem is also the fact that a harbor in U.S. territory was attacked so U.S. property was destroyed. Those were the problems created, but the problem that was solved by Pearl Harbor was also very important.
Sunday, April 1, 2012
Dictators Threaten World Peace
1. Why did the new democracies set up after World War I fail? (And yes, I am aware the answer is in the reading so make sure your answer is in your own words.)
2. What are the characteristics of a totalitarian state?
There are characteristics of a totalitarian state. In such a state, there cannot be any opposition to the government and the individuals in the society have no rights. In a totalitarian state the government has complete control of the citizens.
3. What factors led to the rise of Fascism in Italy?
There were many factors that led to the rise of Fascism in Italy. The Italians really felt the need for stronger leadership due to the fact that there were large unemployment and inflation rates. This was blamed on Communism, so Benito Mussolini, who established the Fascist Party, was able to make people want a strong leader by using their fears of Communism to his advantage. He made people want the nationalism and stability that he claimed Fascism offered and those were the factors that led to the rise of Fascism.
4. What were the key ideas and goals that Hitler presented in Mein Kampf ?
5. Why did Japan invade Manchuria?
Japan invaded Manchuria because they wanted Japan to expand. The leaders of Japan were mainly militaristic, nationalists, so they believed in spreading Japan and having ways to do so. Therefore, these Japanese leaders led an invasion of Manchuria in order to take the country's natural resources and land. This would allow for the expansion Japan thought it needed.
6. What foreign countries were involved in the Spanish Civil War?
There were many foreign countries involved int he Spanish Civil War. The Americans created the Abraham Lincoln Battalion and that would be used to fight Fransisco Franco. The Soviet Union also sent equipment and advisors. Yet Hitler (Germany) and Mussolini (Italy) sent help to Franco. These two countries would later become alies. However, many democracies in the west did not take a side. Clearly more countries than just Spain were involved in the war.
7. What factors contributed to America's growing isolationism?
There were many factors that contributed to America's growing isolationism. The main factor was that there was a large antiwar feeling in the country. During the 1930s, many books had been published stating that the US involvement in World War I was only for the benefit of bankers and those who sold weapons. Since many people had died in this war, this cause that everyone was believing angered people. Even the Girl Scouts changed in order to be less militaristic. In order to keep the people happy, the government did not want to be involved with another war, so America kept to itself.
The new democracies set up after World War I failed for many reasons. In many of the countries where democracies there was no tradition of democracy so the people in the country did not know what to expect in a democracy or how to run one. Therefore, these governments were not working. Also, countries such a Germany were upset about having lost land and were angry about the Treaty of Versailles. They wanted to reverse this treaty because the treaty took away there property and blamed them. The democracies also failed because of the economic depression and devastation after the war. It was difficult to keep people happy when many were starving and it was also difficult to run a government when the economy was doing very badly, so it was easy for the governments to fail. Also, the strong nationalism in the country left the countries wanting something more like an empire. That was why the new democracies failed.
2. What are the characteristics of a totalitarian state?
There are characteristics of a totalitarian state. In such a state, there cannot be any opposition to the government and the individuals in the society have no rights. In a totalitarian state the government has complete control of the citizens.
3. What factors led to the rise of Fascism in Italy?
There were many factors that led to the rise of Fascism in Italy. The Italians really felt the need for stronger leadership due to the fact that there were large unemployment and inflation rates. This was blamed on Communism, so Benito Mussolini, who established the Fascist Party, was able to make people want a strong leader by using their fears of Communism to his advantage. He made people want the nationalism and stability that he claimed Fascism offered and those were the factors that led to the rise of Fascism.
4. What were the key ideas and goals that Hitler presented in Mein Kampf ?
The key ideas and goals that Hitler presented in Mein Kampf were related to Nazism. This was a political philosophy that included fascism with extreme nationalism. Another idea was racial purification, which was the idea that the Aryan race of blue eyes and blonde hair was the "master race" and that this race was to be served by inferior races such as Jews and Slavs. Another idea was Germany needed to expand in order to succeed, so it basically had to take over other countries or just take their land. Those were the three main ideas and goals in Mein Kampf.
5. Why did Japan invade Manchuria?
Japan invaded Manchuria because they wanted Japan to expand. The leaders of Japan were mainly militaristic, nationalists, so they believed in spreading Japan and having ways to do so. Therefore, these Japanese leaders led an invasion of Manchuria in order to take the country's natural resources and land. This would allow for the expansion Japan thought it needed.
6. What foreign countries were involved in the Spanish Civil War?
There were many foreign countries involved int he Spanish Civil War. The Americans created the Abraham Lincoln Battalion and that would be used to fight Fransisco Franco. The Soviet Union also sent equipment and advisors. Yet Hitler (Germany) and Mussolini (Italy) sent help to Franco. These two countries would later become alies. However, many democracies in the west did not take a side. Clearly more countries than just Spain were involved in the war.
7. What factors contributed to America's growing isolationism?
There were many factors that contributed to America's growing isolationism. The main factor was that there was a large antiwar feeling in the country. During the 1930s, many books had been published stating that the US involvement in World War I was only for the benefit of bankers and those who sold weapons. Since many people had died in this war, this cause that everyone was believing angered people. Even the Girl Scouts changed in order to be less militaristic. In order to keep the people happy, the government did not want to be involved with another war, so America kept to itself.
Thursday, March 8, 2012
The 2nd New Deal, Minorities, and FDR's Impact
DIRECTIONS: Read, Chapter 23-2, which is about President Roosevelt’s Second New Deal, and then summarize the following important legislative acts. Make sure you include significant details in your summary.
1. What was the Works Progress Administration?
The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was a program that was set up as part of the Second New Deal and run by Harry Hopkins. The goal of the WPA was to create many jobs quickly, even to unskilled workers. These jobs were jobs such as building airports, repairing roads, and building public buildings. There were also jobs created for women, such as sewing groups who made clothes for the poor. There were also professionalism who held positions created by the WPA, such as writing guides, taking down slave narratives, painting murals, and performing in theater groups. Between 1935 and 1943, around eleven billion dollars were spent to create jobs for over eight million people. There were critics of the make-work project, but others argued that this gave people money and a sense of purpose and dignity, all thanks to the WPA.
2. How did the New Deal help labor? (Hint: Wagner Act)
Besides makes jobs, the New Deal helped labor through the Wagner Act. This act, sponsored first by Senator Robert F. Wagner from New York, was part of the Second New Deal. Since the Supreme court had decided that the National Industrial Reform Act (NIRA) was unconstitutional in 1935, the Wagner Act was able to put some of the parts of the NIRA back in place. Collective bargaining was one of these provisions. So, with the Wagner Act, workers who joined unions and used collective bargaining with employers were protected by the federal government so companies could not fire union members or interfere with the organizing of unions. Another aspect of the Wagner Act is that the National Labor relations Board (NLRB) was set up. This board with hear the testimonies of workers who felt that they were treated unfairly and they had elections to see whether or not workers wanted unions.
3. What benefits did the Social Security system provide?
The Social Security system provided Americans, especially the elderly, with many benefits. One of the benefits was the insurance that was a type of retirement plan for those over 65 years old and their spouses. This allowed people to retire comfortably with half of the money coming from themselves, the worker, and the other half from the employer. Another benefit was unemployment payments so that, funded by federal tax on employers, those who were unemployed could receive some money from the state government each week while they were unemployed. The third major benefit of the Social Security system is the money, from the federal government, that the states gave to families with children who are dependent and the disabled. There were many benefits of the Social Security system.
Read pages 710 to 713 in Chapter 23-3 (The New Deal Affects Many Groups) and answer the following questions:
4. Why was the “Black Cabinet” important to the Roosevelt administration?
The "Black Cabinet" was important to the Roosevelt administration because it helped him and was historic. This group of influential African Americans contained William H. Hastie, Mary McLeod Bethune, Robert C. Weaver, and many others. This was historic because it was the first time so many African Americans had had that much power in the White House. This may have been important because it might have made some inthe African American community like Roosevelt and it almost labeled him as one who was for civil rights for all. This group was also important to Roosevelt because he consulted them on racial issues. Clearly the "black cabinet" was quite important to the Roosevelt administration.
5. Evaluate the actions and policies of the Roosevelt administration on civil rights.
The actions and policies of the Roosevelt administration on the subject of civil rights was in favor of civil rights, but not in favor enough to actually do anything lasting. The "Black Cabinet" was a part of the Roosevelt administration and was made up of a group of influential African Americans who would advise them. This was important because it was the first time so many African Americans had been in the White House. Then there was the incident where an African American singer, Marian Anderson, was not allowed to sing at a concert of the Daughters of the American Revolution. It was certainly a stand against racism when Eleanor Roosevelt then dropped out of the Daughters of the American Revolution and had Marian Anderson perform at the Lincoln Memorial on Easter. Those were very nice stands against racism, but they did not change anything for the future. They were simply singular incidents that happened once and did not change anything long term.
Roosevelt refused to pass any long term legislation for civil rights. He would not support an anti-lynching law or an end to the poll tax. Since these were two main goals of those behind civil rights, it is proof that Roosevelt did not really help the civil rights movement in any lasting fashion.
6. What changes occurred for Native Americans as a result of the New Deal?
Changes occurred for Native Americans as a result of the New Deal. Most of these changes were a result of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. This act changed the economic, cultural, and political aspects of the relationship between the Native Americans and the government. The economic aspect was to prevent the government from taking unused reservation land and selling it to others. So, the act stated that the land belonged to the entire tribe. The cultural aspect was that less Native American children would be sent to boarding schools, by reducing the number of boarding schools, and that other Native American children could go to school within the reservation. The political aspect was that tribes could elect their own people to govern their reservations. That was how the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, part of the New Deal, created changes for the Native Americans.
7. Why was the Wagner Act significant?
The Wagner Act was significant because it created an increase in union activity. Since the Wagner Act protected unions, union members from being fired, and collective bargaining, being in a union was fairly safe. Therefore, union membership more than triple in the eight years after 1933. Unions were being created in industries where they had never existed. However, there were also issues with this. Some fought for control within the unions and other did not like how unions were expanding to incorporate many other workers, so some split. Also sit-down strikes, a major tactic of unions in the 1930s, were detrimental because they stopped all production because people would not leave their places of work, but they also would work. Some even considered this a violation of the right to private property. Also, sometimes union protests were not peaceful, which was, of course, an issue. Good or not, the main reason the Wagner Act was significant was because it increased the activity of unions.
DIRECTIONS: Read, Chapter 23-5, which is about the impact of New Deal reforms, and take notes about the lasting effects of those reform on American society.
8a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for LABOR? 8b. And, what were the lasting effects of these LABOR laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
a) There were many New Deal Law and Agencies created for labor. Agencies such as the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which created jobs for professionals, unskilled workers, and women. The National Youth Administration (NYA) provided jobs to students in college, high school, or graduate school. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) provided jobs for young men on conservation projects and the Civil Works Administration (CWA). The laws passed as part of the New Deal that related to labor were the Wagner Act, which set up the National Labor Relations Board and had the federal government protect unions, and the Fair Labor Standard Act, which set up a minimum wage, maximum hours, and law protecting working minors. Those were the law and agencies set up for labor during the New Deal.
b) There were lasting effects on labor. The Wagner Act and Fair Labor standards Act affect Americans quite a bit. They set minimum wage, maximum hours, and laws against child labor. The Wagner Act also created the board that handles arguments between union and employers, the National Labor Relations Board. These are all clearly lasting effects.
9a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LIFE? 9b. And, what were the lasting effects of these laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
a) There were New Deal Laws and Agencies created for agriculture and rural life. There agencies were the Agricultural Adjustment administration (AAA), Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), and the Rural Electrification Administration (REA). The AAA paid farmers to produce less so that prices of agricultural goods would rise and the TVA helped developed resources in the Tennessee Valley. The REA helped electricity be affordable to those in rural areas. Those were the agencies related to agriculture and rural life.
b) The agencies for agriculture and rural life had effects on life today. The AAA created a precedent where federal aid is offered to farmers. Also, the Commodity Credit Corporation, passed under the second AAA, allows the value of a loan to be determined based on the amount of extra crops a farmer has and a parity price is created to help the income of farmers stay stable. All of these are clearly lasting effects.
10a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for BANKING AND FINANCE 10b. And, what were the lasting effects of these laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
a) There were many New Deal Laws and Agencies created for banking and finance. These included the Emergency Banking Relief Act (EBRA), Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), National Recovery Administration (NRA), Securities and exchange Commission (SEC), and Banking Act of 1935. The EBRA inspected banks and reopened the ones that were healthy, loaned money to ones who were almost healthy, and kept others closed. The FDIC, created by the Glass-Steagall act of 1933, promised Americans that, if a bank was insured by the FDIC and that bank closed, the government would give the people who had their money in that bank up to a certain amount back. The NRA helped to created laws so that competition was fair and the SEC watched the stock market and called out and stopped practices that were not fair. The Banking Act of 1935 was a board that was created for seven years to manage interest rates and the nation's money supply.
b) There were lasting effects of the agencies and laws created for banking and finance. The SEC still watches the stock market and the FDIC continues to back banks and promise money to those who invest in those banks if they were to close, but the amount of money backed has risen over the years from about $5,000 to $100,000. Despite that change, the agencies for banking and finance from the New Deal are still around.
11a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for SOCIAL WELFARE 11b. And, what were the lasting effects of these laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
a) There were New Deal Laws and Agencies created for social welfare, including the Social Security Administration and other organizations that created jobs. This administration helped the old by giving them a sort of payment plan and life insurance that was half payed by the worker and half by the employer. There were also unemployment benefits and money for the disabled or families with dependent children. The REA also helped the people by providing electricity to rural areas. There were also organizations mentioned above in the labor section that created jobs, that lifted the spirits of many who felt that there was no more hope. Those were the laws and agencies for social welfare.
b) The main New Deal agency for social welfare, the Social Security Administration, has had lasting impacts on American life. The old-age insurance is still around today as well as the compensation for unemployment system. The money that goes to the disabled and families with dependent children is also still distributed. Over the years and today, the Social Security Administration has impacted Americans and it all started as an agency for social welfare int he New Deal and there is also electricity in rural areas thanks to the REA.
12a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for ENVIRONMENT 12b. And, what were the lasting effects of these laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
a) The New Deal Laws and Agencies created for the environment were also created to created jobs. For example, the CCC and Tennessee Valley Authority, explained above, helped the environment by conserving land and preventing destructive floods. Another agency that was created for the environment int the New Deal was Soil Conservation Service, which would try to prevent another Dust Bowl and conserve soil by teaching farmers contour plowing, crop rotation, and terracing. A law for the environment was the Taylor Grazing Act, which would decrease the amount of grazing on public lands, as to decrease erosion and prevent another Dust Bowl.
b) There were many lasting effects of the laws and agencies for the environment. There was not another big Dust Bowl thanks to the Soil Conservation Service and Taylor Grazing Act. There were also many lasting products of the CCC and TVA. This is shown by the many paths, national parks, and public lands developed, taken care of, and protected by those by the CCC. There was also water power in Tennessee, which might have decreased the amount of fossil fuels used thanks to the TVA. Those were the lasting effect of laws and agencies for the New Deal on the environment.
1. What was the Works Progress Administration?
The Works Progress Administration (WPA) was a program that was set up as part of the Second New Deal and run by Harry Hopkins. The goal of the WPA was to create many jobs quickly, even to unskilled workers. These jobs were jobs such as building airports, repairing roads, and building public buildings. There were also jobs created for women, such as sewing groups who made clothes for the poor. There were also professionalism who held positions created by the WPA, such as writing guides, taking down slave narratives, painting murals, and performing in theater groups. Between 1935 and 1943, around eleven billion dollars were spent to create jobs for over eight million people. There were critics of the make-work project, but others argued that this gave people money and a sense of purpose and dignity, all thanks to the WPA.
2. How did the New Deal help labor? (Hint: Wagner Act)
Besides makes jobs, the New Deal helped labor through the Wagner Act. This act, sponsored first by Senator Robert F. Wagner from New York, was part of the Second New Deal. Since the Supreme court had decided that the National Industrial Reform Act (NIRA) was unconstitutional in 1935, the Wagner Act was able to put some of the parts of the NIRA back in place. Collective bargaining was one of these provisions. So, with the Wagner Act, workers who joined unions and used collective bargaining with employers were protected by the federal government so companies could not fire union members or interfere with the organizing of unions. Another aspect of the Wagner Act is that the National Labor relations Board (NLRB) was set up. This board with hear the testimonies of workers who felt that they were treated unfairly and they had elections to see whether or not workers wanted unions.
The other way the New Deal helped labor was through the Fair Labor Standards Act. This act helped workers by stating that they could not work, or be asked to work, over a certain number of hours nor could they work for less than a certain wage. Also, rules protecting workers under 18 years of age and 16 years of age were set up by this act. The Wagner Act and the Fair Labor Standards Act are clear examples of parts of the New Deal helping labor.
3. What benefits did the Social Security system provide?
The Social Security system provided Americans, especially the elderly, with many benefits. One of the benefits was the insurance that was a type of retirement plan for those over 65 years old and their spouses. This allowed people to retire comfortably with half of the money coming from themselves, the worker, and the other half from the employer. Another benefit was unemployment payments so that, funded by federal tax on employers, those who were unemployed could receive some money from the state government each week while they were unemployed. The third major benefit of the Social Security system is the money, from the federal government, that the states gave to families with children who are dependent and the disabled. There were many benefits of the Social Security system.
Read pages 710 to 713 in Chapter 23-3 (The New Deal Affects Many Groups) and answer the following questions:
4. Why was the “Black Cabinet” important to the Roosevelt administration?
The "Black Cabinet" was important to the Roosevelt administration because it helped him and was historic. This group of influential African Americans contained William H. Hastie, Mary McLeod Bethune, Robert C. Weaver, and many others. This was historic because it was the first time so many African Americans had had that much power in the White House. This may have been important because it might have made some inthe African American community like Roosevelt and it almost labeled him as one who was for civil rights for all. This group was also important to Roosevelt because he consulted them on racial issues. Clearly the "black cabinet" was quite important to the Roosevelt administration.
5. Evaluate the actions and policies of the Roosevelt administration on civil rights.
The actions and policies of the Roosevelt administration on the subject of civil rights was in favor of civil rights, but not in favor enough to actually do anything lasting. The "Black Cabinet" was a part of the Roosevelt administration and was made up of a group of influential African Americans who would advise them. This was important because it was the first time so many African Americans had been in the White House. Then there was the incident where an African American singer, Marian Anderson, was not allowed to sing at a concert of the Daughters of the American Revolution. It was certainly a stand against racism when Eleanor Roosevelt then dropped out of the Daughters of the American Revolution and had Marian Anderson perform at the Lincoln Memorial on Easter. Those were very nice stands against racism, but they did not change anything for the future. They were simply singular incidents that happened once and did not change anything long term.
Roosevelt refused to pass any long term legislation for civil rights. He would not support an anti-lynching law or an end to the poll tax. Since these were two main goals of those behind civil rights, it is proof that Roosevelt did not really help the civil rights movement in any lasting fashion.
6. What changes occurred for Native Americans as a result of the New Deal?
Changes occurred for Native Americans as a result of the New Deal. Most of these changes were a result of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. This act changed the economic, cultural, and political aspects of the relationship between the Native Americans and the government. The economic aspect was to prevent the government from taking unused reservation land and selling it to others. So, the act stated that the land belonged to the entire tribe. The cultural aspect was that less Native American children would be sent to boarding schools, by reducing the number of boarding schools, and that other Native American children could go to school within the reservation. The political aspect was that tribes could elect their own people to govern their reservations. That was how the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, part of the New Deal, created changes for the Native Americans.
7. Why was the Wagner Act significant?
The Wagner Act was significant because it created an increase in union activity. Since the Wagner Act protected unions, union members from being fired, and collective bargaining, being in a union was fairly safe. Therefore, union membership more than triple in the eight years after 1933. Unions were being created in industries where they had never existed. However, there were also issues with this. Some fought for control within the unions and other did not like how unions were expanding to incorporate many other workers, so some split. Also sit-down strikes, a major tactic of unions in the 1930s, were detrimental because they stopped all production because people would not leave their places of work, but they also would work. Some even considered this a violation of the right to private property. Also, sometimes union protests were not peaceful, which was, of course, an issue. Good or not, the main reason the Wagner Act was significant was because it increased the activity of unions.
DIRECTIONS: Read, Chapter 23-5, which is about the impact of New Deal reforms, and take notes about the lasting effects of those reform on American society.
8a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for LABOR? 8b. And, what were the lasting effects of these LABOR laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
a) There were many New Deal Law and Agencies created for labor. Agencies such as the Works Progress Administration (WPA), which created jobs for professionals, unskilled workers, and women. The National Youth Administration (NYA) provided jobs to students in college, high school, or graduate school. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) provided jobs for young men on conservation projects and the Civil Works Administration (CWA). The laws passed as part of the New Deal that related to labor were the Wagner Act, which set up the National Labor Relations Board and had the federal government protect unions, and the Fair Labor Standard Act, which set up a minimum wage, maximum hours, and law protecting working minors. Those were the law and agencies set up for labor during the New Deal.
b) There were lasting effects on labor. The Wagner Act and Fair Labor standards Act affect Americans quite a bit. They set minimum wage, maximum hours, and laws against child labor. The Wagner Act also created the board that handles arguments between union and employers, the National Labor Relations Board. These are all clearly lasting effects.
9a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for AGRICULTURE AND RURAL LIFE? 9b. And, what were the lasting effects of these laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
a) There were New Deal Laws and Agencies created for agriculture and rural life. There agencies were the Agricultural Adjustment administration (AAA), Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), and the Rural Electrification Administration (REA). The AAA paid farmers to produce less so that prices of agricultural goods would rise and the TVA helped developed resources in the Tennessee Valley. The REA helped electricity be affordable to those in rural areas. Those were the agencies related to agriculture and rural life.
b) The agencies for agriculture and rural life had effects on life today. The AAA created a precedent where federal aid is offered to farmers. Also, the Commodity Credit Corporation, passed under the second AAA, allows the value of a loan to be determined based on the amount of extra crops a farmer has and a parity price is created to help the income of farmers stay stable. All of these are clearly lasting effects.
10a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for BANKING AND FINANCE 10b. And, what were the lasting effects of these laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
a) There were many New Deal Laws and Agencies created for banking and finance. These included the Emergency Banking Relief Act (EBRA), Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), National Recovery Administration (NRA), Securities and exchange Commission (SEC), and Banking Act of 1935. The EBRA inspected banks and reopened the ones that were healthy, loaned money to ones who were almost healthy, and kept others closed. The FDIC, created by the Glass-Steagall act of 1933, promised Americans that, if a bank was insured by the FDIC and that bank closed, the government would give the people who had their money in that bank up to a certain amount back. The NRA helped to created laws so that competition was fair and the SEC watched the stock market and called out and stopped practices that were not fair. The Banking Act of 1935 was a board that was created for seven years to manage interest rates and the nation's money supply.
b) There were lasting effects of the agencies and laws created for banking and finance. The SEC still watches the stock market and the FDIC continues to back banks and promise money to those who invest in those banks if they were to close, but the amount of money backed has risen over the years from about $5,000 to $100,000. Despite that change, the agencies for banking and finance from the New Deal are still around.
11a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for SOCIAL WELFARE 11b. And, what were the lasting effects of these laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
a) There were New Deal Laws and Agencies created for social welfare, including the Social Security Administration and other organizations that created jobs. This administration helped the old by giving them a sort of payment plan and life insurance that was half payed by the worker and half by the employer. There were also unemployment benefits and money for the disabled or families with dependent children. The REA also helped the people by providing electricity to rural areas. There were also organizations mentioned above in the labor section that created jobs, that lifted the spirits of many who felt that there was no more hope. Those were the laws and agencies for social welfare.
b) The main New Deal agency for social welfare, the Social Security Administration, has had lasting impacts on American life. The old-age insurance is still around today as well as the compensation for unemployment system. The money that goes to the disabled and families with dependent children is also still distributed. Over the years and today, the Social Security Administration has impacted Americans and it all started as an agency for social welfare int he New Deal and there is also electricity in rural areas thanks to the REA.
12a. What were the New Deal Laws and Agencies created for ENVIRONMENT 12b. And, what were the lasting effects of these laws and agencies on American Government and Life?
a) The New Deal Laws and Agencies created for the environment were also created to created jobs. For example, the CCC and Tennessee Valley Authority, explained above, helped the environment by conserving land and preventing destructive floods. Another agency that was created for the environment int the New Deal was Soil Conservation Service, which would try to prevent another Dust Bowl and conserve soil by teaching farmers contour plowing, crop rotation, and terracing. A law for the environment was the Taylor Grazing Act, which would decrease the amount of grazing on public lands, as to decrease erosion and prevent another Dust Bowl.
b) There were many lasting effects of the laws and agencies for the environment. There was not another big Dust Bowl thanks to the Soil Conservation Service and Taylor Grazing Act. There were also many lasting products of the CCC and TVA. This is shown by the many paths, national parks, and public lands developed, taken care of, and protected by those by the CCC. There was also water power in Tennessee, which might have decreased the amount of fossil fuels used thanks to the TVA. Those were the lasting effect of laws and agencies for the New Deal on the environment.
Sunday, March 4, 2012
FDR and the New Deal
1. What plans did Roosevelt make in the four months while he waited to take office?
Roosevelt worked on plans later called the New Deal in the four months while he waited to take office. The purpose of these plans were to provide relief for the needy, financial reform and an economic recovery. The New Deal was what Roosevelt worked on.
2. How successful were FDR's fireside chats?
FDR's fireside chats were very successful. This was shown by the fact that the first fireside chat was about the banks. Roosevelt urged people to put their money into banks because the banks had only failed because people took their money out and that the government needed people to put their money into banks. Without money in the banks, the welfare system would not work. It was clear that fireside chats were successful when many Americans put their money back into banks in the next few weeks. Therefore, the fireside chats were successful.
3. How did New Deal programs affect various regions of the United States?
The New Deal programs affected various regions of the United States differently. In rural areas, the New Deal affected agriculture through the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA). The government had farmers not use all of their land for growing crops. Many animals were also killed. This was too decrease the supply because the demand was not there for the amount the farmers had been producing. In the Great Plains, there was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). This was a group made up of unemployed young men who would be put on work on conservation projects and many of these took place in the Great Plains. All over the country, schools were built by similar groups of men through the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). Industry was also restructured by new policies, like set prices of products and no child labor, from the National Recovery Act (NRA). Homeowners all over the country were also helped by the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC), which provided loans to help people keep their houses. Clearly the New Deal Programs affect various regions of the United States.
6. Of the New Deal programs discussed in this section, which do you consider the most important?
Explain your choice. Think About:
• the type of assistance offered by each program
• the scope of each program
• the impact of each program
The Civil Works Administration (CWA) was the most important program of the New Deal. The CWA put millions back to work during some of the worst parts of the depression, 1933 to 1934. This allowed men to support their families and kept people from starving. It even affected many more than the men who worked on such projects. The CWA helped those in rural areas stay in school, where it was difficult to go to school due to many schools closing, by paying around fifty thousand teachers' salaries. The CWA also built forty thousand schools. This helped people feed their families in rural areas, where there were not many jobs, and made sure that the future after the depression would be set. If the schools had not been kept open or built, the generation coming out of the depression would not be educated enough to build the country up again after the depression. Clearly, the CWA was the most important program of the New deal because of its long term impact on the future, how large the scope of people it was keeping from starving or educating, and how those aspects of life helped people.
Roosevelt worked on plans later called the New Deal in the four months while he waited to take office. The purpose of these plans were to provide relief for the needy, financial reform and an economic recovery. The New Deal was what Roosevelt worked on.
2. How successful were FDR's fireside chats?
FDR's fireside chats were very successful. This was shown by the fact that the first fireside chat was about the banks. Roosevelt urged people to put their money into banks because the banks had only failed because people took their money out and that the government needed people to put their money into banks. Without money in the banks, the welfare system would not work. It was clear that fireside chats were successful when many Americans put their money back into banks in the next few weeks. Therefore, the fireside chats were successful.
3. How did New Deal programs affect various regions of the United States?
The New Deal programs affected various regions of the United States differently. In rural areas, the New Deal affected agriculture through the Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA). The government had farmers not use all of their land for growing crops. Many animals were also killed. This was too decrease the supply because the demand was not there for the amount the farmers had been producing. In the Great Plains, there was the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). This was a group made up of unemployed young men who would be put on work on conservation projects and many of these took place in the Great Plains. All over the country, schools were built by similar groups of men through the National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA). Industry was also restructured by new policies, like set prices of products and no child labor, from the National Recovery Act (NRA). Homeowners all over the country were also helped by the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC), which provided loans to help people keep their houses. Clearly the New Deal Programs affect various regions of the United States.
4. How did liberal and conservative critics differ in their opposition to the New Deal?
Liberal and conservative critics differ in their opposition to the New Deal. The liberals did not think that Roosevelt was being involved enough and needed to do more to directly help those who were suffering. For example, Dr. Francis Townsend thought that Roosevelt needed to give a pension plan to the elderly. Also, Huey Long believed in a program that would "Share-the Wealth", so that everyone would be rich. Conservatives, however, thought Roosevelt was doing too much and needed to stay out of directly helping people and business. The American Liberty League thought that the New Deal was a violation of individuals' rights and rights to their property. So, while liberals thought Roosevelt was doing too little, conservatives thought he was doing too much.5. Do you think Roosevelt was wrong to try to "pack" the Supreme Court with those in favor of the New Deal? Explain your answer.
Roosevelt was wrong and right to try to "pack" the Supreme Court. Legally, there was nothing stopping Roosevelt from asking congress to make a law that would allow him to pack the Supreme Court. So, legally, he was right. Morally, however, Roosevelt was wrong. There was supposed to be a separation of power so that one person or section of government could not have too much power. If Roosevelt was to put his people in the Supreme Court, he would have control of two sections of government. Anything Roosevelt would do or have the Congress do could never be questioned because he had control of the Supreme Court. This would basically create a dictatorship. By Roosevelt asking the Congress to allow him to pack the Supreme Court, he was asking them if he could have control of two sections of the government. Whether of not the ideas he would carry out would be good or not, he would be asking for a dictatorship. That would be against what America was founded on. Therefore, Roosevelt trying to pack the Supreme Court was morally wrong.6. Of the New Deal programs discussed in this section, which do you consider the most important?
Explain your choice. Think About:
• the type of assistance offered by each program
• the scope of each program
• the impact of each program
The Civil Works Administration (CWA) was the most important program of the New Deal. The CWA put millions back to work during some of the worst parts of the depression, 1933 to 1934. This allowed men to support their families and kept people from starving. It even affected many more than the men who worked on such projects. The CWA helped those in rural areas stay in school, where it was difficult to go to school due to many schools closing, by paying around fifty thousand teachers' salaries. The CWA also built forty thousand schools. This helped people feed their families in rural areas, where there were not many jobs, and made sure that the future after the depression would be set. If the schools had not been kept open or built, the generation coming out of the depression would not be educated enough to build the country up again after the depression. Clearly, the CWA was the most important program of the New deal because of its long term impact on the future, how large the scope of people it was keeping from starving or educating, and how those aspects of life helped people.
Wednesday, February 29, 2012
Hardship and Suffering During the Depression
1. What were some of Hoover's key convictions about government?
Hoover's key convictions about government were that the government had an almost mediating function. The government were supposed to help establish cooperation between groups who were competing and the different interests in society. He also believed that the government could not force cooperation. He also believed that people did not need money from the government, like direct relief or welfare, to succeed and that if they tried they could succeed on their own ("rugged individualism"). He thought the government could help if there was a serious problem, however it would hurt the motivation of people. Those were Hoover's convictions.
2. What did President Herbert Hoover say and do in response to the Great Depression?
President Herbert Hoover responded to the Great Depression slowly. After the market crashed, he urged a group key leaders in business, labor, and banking to make solutions. These solutions would be like not laying people off or going on strikes. Another action was to form a organization to help private charities help the poor. He also had entities negotiate with each other and large banks loaned money to smaller banks, the Nation Credit Corporation. He also helped create the Federal Home Loan Bank Act, which allowed farmers and homeowners to keep their property by letting farmers refinance and lowering mortgage rates. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was also backed by Hoover and this allowed two billion dollars to be dispersed between banks, railroads, life insurance companies, and other large companies. This money was supposed to "trickle down" to the poor. Hoover also did not support the Patman Bill, which would give money to veterans of WWI immediately, and disbanded the group of veterans behind it, the Bonus Army. Those were the actions of Herbert Hoover.
3. Why do you think people blamed Hoover for the nation's difficulties?
People blamed Hoover for the nation's difficulties. One reason was because he was in office when the whole thing happened, so he was the one who was to blame because he did fix the problem, even if he had really just walked in on it. Also, people blamed Hoover for not helping the poor directly. Many thought his trickle down approach just left people starving and that they needed to be taken care of more quickly. Helping the rich made it look as if Hoover did not care about the poor. Another reason is that many of Hoovers efforts to try and have groups cooperate did work and neither did his group of leaders. Since he did not act quickly, was the one in charge when the economy crashed, he did not help the poor, and many of his policies, Americans blamed Hoover.
Hoover's belief about rugged individualism shaped his policies during the Great Depression. He thought that rugged individualism meant that people could succeed by themselves. Handouts would weaken their "moral fiber", so the people would not be able to succeed by themselves anymore if the government just gave out money to individuals. So rugged individualism made Hoover oppose direct relief. This shaped his policies and actions because he would not give money directly to the poor, but tried to find other ways to help. He had the government help private charities who would help the poor. Having Hoover's rugged individualism against direct relief, he also helped create the Reconstruction Finance Cooperation, which gave money to large businesses, railroads, and banks in hopes that it would trickle down to the poor. Since this did not work very well, Hoover's policies were clearly affected by his belief about rugged individualism. His trickle down policy did not allow him to help the poor because he beliefs did not allow him to actually give the poor money. Clearly Hoover's belief about rugged individualism shaped his policies.
5. What did the Bonus Army want and how did Hoover respond?
The Bonus Army was a group of veterans from World War I who were promised life insurance and money in 1945. They wanted these in 1932, when they needed them. Although Hoover allowed them to protest peacefully and helped set up a shantytown for them, he thought they were"communists and persons with criminal records" and did not support the Patman Bill they were behind. Hoover disbanded the Bonus Army by using soldiers and gas in June.
Hoover's key convictions about government were that the government had an almost mediating function. The government were supposed to help establish cooperation between groups who were competing and the different interests in society. He also believed that the government could not force cooperation. He also believed that people did not need money from the government, like direct relief or welfare, to succeed and that if they tried they could succeed on their own ("rugged individualism"). He thought the government could help if there was a serious problem, however it would hurt the motivation of people. Those were Hoover's convictions.
2. What did President Herbert Hoover say and do in response to the Great Depression?
President Herbert Hoover responded to the Great Depression slowly. After the market crashed, he urged a group key leaders in business, labor, and banking to make solutions. These solutions would be like not laying people off or going on strikes. Another action was to form a organization to help private charities help the poor. He also had entities negotiate with each other and large banks loaned money to smaller banks, the Nation Credit Corporation. He also helped create the Federal Home Loan Bank Act, which allowed farmers and homeowners to keep their property by letting farmers refinance and lowering mortgage rates. The Reconstruction Finance Corporation was also backed by Hoover and this allowed two billion dollars to be dispersed between banks, railroads, life insurance companies, and other large companies. This money was supposed to "trickle down" to the poor. Hoover also did not support the Patman Bill, which would give money to veterans of WWI immediately, and disbanded the group of veterans behind it, the Bonus Army. Those were the actions of Herbert Hoover.
3. Why do you think people blamed Hoover for the nation's difficulties?
People blamed Hoover for the nation's difficulties. One reason was because he was in office when the whole thing happened, so he was the one who was to blame because he did fix the problem, even if he had really just walked in on it. Also, people blamed Hoover for not helping the poor directly. Many thought his trickle down approach just left people starving and that they needed to be taken care of more quickly. Helping the rich made it look as if Hoover did not care about the poor. Another reason is that many of Hoovers efforts to try and have groups cooperate did work and neither did his group of leaders. Since he did not act quickly, was the one in charge when the economy crashed, he did not help the poor, and many of his policies, Americans blamed Hoover.
4. How did Hoover's belief in "rugged individualism" shape his policies during the Great Depression.
Think About:
• what his belief implies about his view of people
• how that translates into the role of government
• Hoover’s policies (How effective were they?) Hoover's belief about rugged individualism shaped his policies during the Great Depression. He thought that rugged individualism meant that people could succeed by themselves. Handouts would weaken their "moral fiber", so the people would not be able to succeed by themselves anymore if the government just gave out money to individuals. So rugged individualism made Hoover oppose direct relief. This shaped his policies and actions because he would not give money directly to the poor, but tried to find other ways to help. He had the government help private charities who would help the poor. Having Hoover's rugged individualism against direct relief, he also helped create the Reconstruction Finance Cooperation, which gave money to large businesses, railroads, and banks in hopes that it would trickle down to the poor. Since this did not work very well, Hoover's policies were clearly affected by his belief about rugged individualism. His trickle down policy did not allow him to help the poor because he beliefs did not allow him to actually give the poor money. Clearly Hoover's belief about rugged individualism shaped his policies.
5. What did the Bonus Army want and how did Hoover respond?
The Bonus Army was a group of veterans from World War I who were promised life insurance and money in 1945. They wanted these in 1932, when they needed them. Although Hoover allowed them to protest peacefully and helped set up a shantytown for them, he thought they were"communists and persons with criminal records" and did not support the Patman Bill they were behind. Hoover disbanded the Bonus Army by using soldiers and gas in June.
6. When Franklin Delano Roosevelt heard about the attack on the Bonus Army, why was he so certain that he would defeat Hoover?
Think About:
• the American public’s impression of Hoover (See your answer to No. 3)
• Hoover’s actions to alleviate the Great Depression (see your answer to No. 4)
• how people judged Hoover after the attack. When Franklin Delano Roosevelt heard about the attack on the Bonus Army, he was he would defeat Hoover because the American public viewed Hoover very negatively. Before the attack, the people did not feel that Hoover was acting quickly enough. They also believed that he did not care about the poor because he did not offer them direct relief. Hoover's beliefs about rugged individualism did not allow him to give the poor direct relief because he thought that would wreck the motivations of Americans. When there were people starving, this did not seem like a valid argument to the American people. So these actions led people to believe that Hoover did not care about Americans and the attack on the Bonus Army strengthened these feelings.
The attack on the Bonus Army looked awful to Americans. Hoover was attacking poor, starving Americans who had just fought for America. Sending soldiers after them seemed like an attack on Americans as a whole. With this strengthening the negative feelings of Americans toward Hoover, Roosevelt was sure that he defeat Hoover after the attack on the Bonus Army.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)