Experiencing U.S. Expansion: Southern Arizona - Part II

6. What two threats did Mexico face in its northern frontier in the mid-nineteenth century?

a.  After the establicimientos de paz failed, some in Mexico wanted to abolish all Apaches and this was around 1832.  There was eventually a call for all men to serve in the military to fight the Apaches.  Peace agreements with a band may be made, but only for the Mexicans to kill them during what were supposed to be peaceful meetings.  This went on for at least ten years and many referred to the situation in the north as a "continual state of war".

b.  The United States of America was the other threat.  The United States thought they would be able to control the Indians more than the Mexicans and wanted the natural resources of the area.  That meant they were seeking ways to gain the land and would eventually march to Mexico City.  Before that action, Americans would trade with the Apaches and supply them with good such as guns, which they were using against the Mexicans, and help the Mexicans fight the Apache.

7. Why did the Gadsden Purchase have such a great impact on northern Mexicans?
The Gadsden Purchase had a great impact on northern Mexicans.  That is because the land sold to the U.S. in the Gadsden Purchase contained many Mexicans and Mexican cities.  These Mexicans felt that the government had betrayed them by selling their land to America, clearly impacting them.

8. List two ways that cultural misunderstanding contributed to a growing conflict between U.S. settlers
and Apache groups.

a. Some U.S. settlers thought that by making a peace agreement with one group of Native Americans, they were also making a pact with several.  However, the Native Americans believed that this agreement was only with their group.  This meant that other groups continued to raid the U.S. settlement.

b.  It was not rare that U.S. settlers would not be able to tell the different Native American groups apart.  This meant that they would think that the groups they had made peace agreements with, their allies, would be attacking them and breaking the treaties.  Also, when countering the damages done or hostages taken, the Americans might just attack the first Native American group they saw  This did not ease the tension within the groups.


9. How did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase spark a civil war in...

a. Mexico?
The  Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase sparked a civil war in Mexico.  This is because many  citizens were upset with the large amount of land that was lost and thought this hurt the image of the nation.  It was believed by many that the economy, government, and society needed to be changed.  This led to Santa Ana's government being overthrown in 1854 and a new government being put into place in 1861. 

b. the United States?
  The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase sparked the civil war in the U.S.  There were many arguments over if the new land should contain slave or free states.  The debates spurred by the new land increased tensions that would lead to a civil war.

10. a. What did many U.S. settlers want U.S. policy towards the Apache to be?
Many U.S. settlers  wanted the U.S. policy towards the apache to be violence.  They believed that the violence by the Apaches must be met with violence because the Native americans only understood violence.  They also though the harsher response would bring a stop to the actions of the Apaches against the settlers more effectively, although some said that it would be better to get rid of the Apaches all together.

b. In what ways did this clash with the federal government’s Peace Policy?
The federal government's Peace Policy stated that Native Americans would move to reservations where the U.S. government would support them. It was also believed that, by making the reservations isolated, raiding would stop.  This was a very different plan from the settlers' call for violence.  Many settlers were upset that the Apaches were not being punished, leading some citizens to take matters into their own hands and raid the Apaches.

11. Why were the Apache hesitant to move onto reservations?
The Apache were hesitant to move onto reservations, such as Fort Apache, mainly because they did not trust the U.S. government.  There were stories of the U.S. waging war with the Navajo to force them onto a reservation and there were also rumors that the reservations were to make it easier for the U.S. to kill all of the Apaches.  The other reason they were hesitant to move is that the reservations would not allow the migrations that was tradition with the Apache.  Clearly, the Apache would be hesitant to move onto reservations.

Experiencing U.S. Expansion: Southern Arizona

1. What were the two broad groupings of Native Americans in southern Arizona when the Spanish arrived?
Broad Group 1   Name for Self:    O'odham, "the People"   Spanish Name(s):  Pima, Papago

Broad Group 2   Name for self:  Nnee, "the People"          Spanish Name(s): Apache

2. How did the O’odham show their unwillingness to fully embrace the Spanish missions?
The O'odhams showed their unwillingness to fully embrace Spanish missions.  Many did not want to work in the Spanish fields, so they invented excuses to move away.  These were excuses such as someone was sick.  A main reason many might have moved away from the missions and not embraced the Spanish missions is because the Spanish tried to reduce the O'odhams' religion.  So they moved away.

3. Why did Apache groups raid Spanish settlements?
The Apache groups raided the Spanish settlements in order to access suplies such as food, goods, and animals.  The Apaches lives in smalled dispersed groups.  This meant that they did not have as many interactions with the Spanish.  Fewer interactions meant fewer opportunities to obtain these items.  They decided that this should be resolved by raiding Spanish settlements in order to obtain the goods.

4. What was the cycle of violence?

The cycle of violence was mainly between the Apache and United States.  Originally, the Native Americans would kill one member of a tribe, so then that tribe would kill one member of their tribe.  That would be considered even and there would be no more killing until a similar situation took place, but this was not a constant occurrence. When the Spanish started to kill and capture many Apaches, that caused the Apaches to try to capture and kill many of the Spanish.  Then when the Spanish encouraged the O'odhams to join them in fighting the Apache, the O'odhams were also targeted by the Apache.  Seeing that the tradition was to make the score even, there could only be a constant cycle of violence.

5. How did Spanish and Apache views of the peace created by the establicimientos de paz differ? 


The Spanish and Apache groups viewed the peace created by the establicimientos de paz differently.  The Spanish saw it as a "golden age" that they had created by establishing peace.  They were pleased because, with the help of Apaches who had settled, they were able to drive out or kill other Apaches.  Also, the period of peace helped to revive the territory and new towns were created.  The Apaches had also wanted peace, but viewed the agreement of having to settle and provide military assistance as what needed to be done in order to obtain Spanish goods.  Although many agreed to the establicimientos de paz, they were not as pleased with the plan as the Spanish.

New Settlers in the West

1. Read pages 10 - 18  List three reasons why people in the United States moved west.

a.  opportunities for profit - fertile land means good agriculture and farms - farms mean communities - communities mean doctors, lawyers, and other professions 


b.  Immigrants thought the West was the symbol of American promise


c.  Social opportunity - Mormons had religious freedom - free African Americans often welcomed - women first obtained suffrage in West - others were able to put down other races

2. How did westward expansion contribute to sectional tensions in the United States?

Sectional tensions were increased due to westward expansion.  This is because of the differences between the North and South.  They had many economic differences, the main ones being that the South allowed slavery and depended on agriculture while the North relied on industry and trade and did not agree with slavery.  Both groups were looking to have legislation passed in Congress that with help their economy.  To do that, they had to have a majority of either slave states (the South) or free states (the North).  So westward expansion meant fighting over whether the new states would be slave or free.  This caused not only tension, but acts such as the Missouri Compromise, which balanced the number.  However, the Civil War would prove that the compromises were not long term solutions to soothe the tension.

3. What was the Peace Policy?


The Peace Policy was a plan set up by President Ulysses S. Grant.  This policy called for all Indians to be put on reservations and that any all Native Americans not on the land allotted by the government would be considered hostile.  Since they were "hostile", the army dealt with them.  Another part of the plan stated that religious groups would be on the reservation to teach the Indians about Christianity, English, and U.S. agriculture. Also, religious leaders would be in charge of the policy.  All of those components created the Peace Policy and its true goal was to have the Inidans stop their traditions and have American customs.

Indian Removal Act

1. Read pages 10 - 12 (Stop at "Settlers Move West"). Why did the United States fight or negotiate with dozens of Indian groups for the lands in the Louisiana Territory?
The United States fought and negotiated with many Indian groups because they wanted the Indian land in the Louisiana Territory.  They wanted to obtain this land to allow more people to settle there.  Then people could also make money off of the commerce and agriculture.  The government also stated that they wanted to assimilate the Native Americans into America and the fact that that is a slow process is part of why the United States fought and negotiated with Indians.

2. In what ways did the Cherokees assimilate U.S. values and customs?


 The Cherokees assimilated many U. S. customs and values.  They adopted a republic modeled after America, declared themselves an independent country, and had a written constitution, just like how America started.  The Cherokees also participated in the cotton industry and enslaved African Americans, like the Americans did.  Even though they did assimilate, the United States was still not happy because the Cherokees did not give America their land.