Experiencing U.S. Expansion: Southern Arizona

1. What were the two broad groupings of Native Americans in southern Arizona when the Spanish arrived?
Broad Group 1   Name for Self:    O'odham, "the People"   Spanish Name(s):  Pima, Papago

Broad Group 2   Name for self:  Nnee, "the People"          Spanish Name(s): Apache

2. How did the O’odham show their unwillingness to fully embrace the Spanish missions?
The O'odhams showed their unwillingness to fully embrace Spanish missions.  Many did not want to work in the Spanish fields, so they invented excuses to move away.  These were excuses such as someone was sick.  A main reason many might have moved away from the missions and not embraced the Spanish missions is because the Spanish tried to reduce the O'odhams' religion.  So they moved away.

3. Why did Apache groups raid Spanish settlements?
The Apache groups raided the Spanish settlements in order to access suplies such as food, goods, and animals.  The Apaches lives in smalled dispersed groups.  This meant that they did not have as many interactions with the Spanish.  Fewer interactions meant fewer opportunities to obtain these items.  They decided that this should be resolved by raiding Spanish settlements in order to obtain the goods.

4. What was the cycle of violence?

The cycle of violence was mainly between the Apache and United States.  Originally, the Native Americans would kill one member of a tribe, so then that tribe would kill one member of their tribe.  That would be considered even and there would be no more killing until a similar situation took place, but this was not a constant occurrence. When the Spanish started to kill and capture many Apaches, that caused the Apaches to try to capture and kill many of the Spanish.  Then when the Spanish encouraged the O'odhams to join them in fighting the Apache, the O'odhams were also targeted by the Apache.  Seeing that the tradition was to make the score even, there could only be a constant cycle of violence.

5. How did Spanish and Apache views of the peace created by the establicimientos de paz differ? 


The Spanish and Apache groups viewed the peace created by the establicimientos de paz differently.  The Spanish saw it as a "golden age" that they had created by establishing peace.  They were pleased because, with the help of Apaches who had settled, they were able to drive out or kill other Apaches.  Also, the period of peace helped to revive the territory and new towns were created.  The Apaches had also wanted peace, but viewed the agreement of having to settle and provide military assistance as what needed to be done in order to obtain Spanish goods.  Although many agreed to the establicimientos de paz, they were not as pleased with the plan as the Spanish.