6. What two threats did Mexico face in its northern frontier in the mid-nineteenth century?
a. After the establicimientos de paz failed, some in Mexico wanted to abolish all Apaches and this was around 1832. There was eventually a call for all men to serve in the military to fight the Apaches. Peace agreements with a band may be made, but only for the Mexicans to kill them during what were supposed to be peaceful meetings. This went on for at least ten years and many referred to the situation in the north as a "continual state of war".
b. The United States of America was the other threat. The United States thought they would be able to control the Indians more than the Mexicans and wanted the natural resources of the area. That meant they were seeking ways to gain the land and would eventually march to Mexico City. Before that action, Americans would trade with the Apaches and supply them with good such as guns, which they were using against the Mexicans, and help the Mexicans fight the Apache.
7. Why did the Gadsden Purchase have such a great impact on northern Mexicans?
The Gadsden Purchase had a great impact on northern Mexicans. That is because the land sold to the U.S. in the Gadsden Purchase contained many Mexicans and Mexican cities. These Mexicans felt that the government had betrayed them by selling their land to America, clearly impacting them.
8. List two ways that cultural misunderstanding contributed to a growing conflict between U.S. settlers
and Apache groups.
a. Some U.S. settlers thought that by making a peace agreement with one group of Native Americans, they were also making a pact with several. However, the Native Americans believed that this agreement was only with their group. This meant that other groups continued to raid the U.S. settlement.
b. It was not rare that U.S. settlers would not be able to tell the different Native American groups apart. This meant that they would think that the groups they had made peace agreements with, their allies, would be attacking them and breaking the treaties. Also, when countering the damages done or hostages taken, the Americans might just attack the first Native American group they saw This did not ease the tension within the groups.
9. How did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase spark a civil war in...
a. Mexico?
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase sparked a civil war in Mexico. This is because many citizens were upset with the large amount of land that was lost and thought this hurt the image of the nation. It was believed by many that the economy, government, and society needed to be changed. This led to Santa Ana's government being overthrown in 1854 and a new government being put into place in 1861.
b. the United States?
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and the Gadsden Purchase sparked the civil war in the U.S. There were many arguments over if the new land should contain slave or free states. The debates spurred by the new land increased tensions that would lead to a civil war.
10. a. What did many U.S. settlers want U.S. policy towards the Apache to be?
Many U.S. settlers wanted the U.S. policy towards the apache to be violence. They believed that the violence by the Apaches must be met with violence because the Native americans only understood violence. They also though the harsher response would bring a stop to the actions of the Apaches against the settlers more effectively, although some said that it would be better to get rid of the Apaches all together.
b. In what ways did this clash with the federal government’s Peace Policy?
The federal government's Peace Policy stated that Native Americans would move to reservations where the U.S. government would support them. It was also believed that, by making the reservations isolated, raiding would stop. This was a very different plan from the settlers' call for violence. Many settlers were upset that the Apaches were not being punished, leading some citizens to take matters into their own hands and raid the Apaches.
11. Why were the Apache hesitant to move onto reservations?
The Apache were hesitant to move onto reservations, such as Fort Apache, mainly because they did not trust the U.S. government. There were stories of the U.S. waging war with the Navajo to force them onto a reservation and there were also rumors that the reservations were to make it easier for the U.S. to kill all of the Apaches. The other reason they were hesitant to move is that the reservations would not allow the migrations that was tradition with the Apache. Clearly, the Apache would be hesitant to move onto reservations.
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