Telling New Stories

1. What were the two versions of the Camp Grant attack that existed among the U.S. public, and who supported each view? 

Version One of the Event: 
The Apache had taken the cattle of settlers and killed a few settlers.  They were simply fighting back and this was a great victory for man over savages.

Who supported Version One?
The local settlers supported this version.  The Mexican Americans and O'odhams who also fought most likely believed this version, if not something similar.

Version Two of the Event: 
Many Native Americans, who were supposed to have been protected by an American peace policy they agreed to, were killed.  Of those slaughtered, many were children and women.  The settlers had killed innocent people without any reason for attacking.

Who supported Version Two?
The U.S. government as well as one of the first men to bring up this version, Lieutenant Whitham.  This version was also supported by some reformers hoping to change society.

2. Why was the trial that took place after the attack significant? 
The trial that took place after the attack was brought on by pressure being placed on the leaders by those who considered the event to be a massacre.  Since this was a large part of the East, the government had to do something and arrested the leaders of the attackers in October of 1871.  The trial that took place against the leaders was the first trial in the Arizona Territory to be against people who were not Apache for killing Apache people.  That is what made the trial significant.


3. Whose views were absent in the accounts of this attack that were told in the United States? 
Many views of the attack were not heard or told in the United States.  Although there were more than enough white views, the O'odham people, Mexican Americans, and Apache did not have the opportunity to tel their story.

4. Why have Native American views been excluded from the story of U.S. expansion that is told in the United States? 
The Native American views have been excluded from the story of U.S. expansion that is told in the United States.  That is because these views would sully the image of U.S. expansion.  It is much more pleasant to believe that the U.S. blessed the continent by spreading a country full of opportunity and liberty.  The Native American view would speak about the racism faced, deaths due to being moved around or just killed by settlers, and the hostility.  This story would ruin the pleasant one, so it is not told in the United States.

5. What were the two parts of the U.S. government's assiimilation plan in the late nineteenth century? 

a. 
To move all of the Native Americans onto reservations was the first part.  The purpose of this part was to, hopefully, help with the  second part.

b. 
The second art of the plan for assimilation was to rid the Indians of Indian culture.  The reservations came into play here because they thought this would be easier if the Native Americans were in concentrated groups.  The goal was not only to erasing their culture, but to have them adopt an American way of life, such as independently farming small areas of land, speaking English, and being Christian.

6. Give two examples of how U.S. policy makers forced Indian groups to give up their cultures? 


a. 
U.S. policy makers prohibited Indian religious and cultural ceremonies.

b. 
Many Indian children were taken from the reservations and placed in boarding schools.  The reformers that ran these believed that once the children learned English and American values they would want to enter society in the U.S..  Thus, in a generation all Indian culture would disappear due to the fact that the youngest group would be completely immersed in American society.

7. What effect did the railroad have on U.S. settlement of the West? 
The railroad affected U.S. settlement of the West.  Before the railroad, the West consisted of small farms and hunting and gathering.  With the railroad, moving out west took much less time.  This led to an increase in population.  That also meant that moving goods was faster.  So the economy boomed with the transportation of natural resources found in the area.  Soon the West was a place of substantial corporations, cities, and industries.

8. How did westward expansion fuel U.S. industrialization? 
Westward expansion fueled U.S. industrialization with the area's natural resources.  America became one of the most productive countries because of all of the raw materials collected in the area, such as lumbar and gold.  Also, the amount of immigrants that cam to America at the time helped to start industries as well as the railroad that transported the goods.  Yet the main way westward expansion fueled U.S. industrialization was through the many natural resources of the west.